The Portrait Of ED Students Pronunciation Education Essay

The Portrait Of ED Students Pronunciation Education Essay Introduction This chapter reveals the background of study, problem statement, purpose of the study and the benefit of the study. The explanations of these parts are presented below; Pronunciation is one of the most important things that students have to master in order to communicate appropriately and fluently. According to Fangzhi (1998:39), that it is important to pay attention to pronunciation since it results in whether or not someones message can be passed or not by other people. More over, Gilbert (cited in Otlowsky, 2004:3) stated that if someone cannot hear English well, she or he is cut off from the language. And if someone cannot be understood easily, she or he is cut off from conversation with native speakers. We can conclude from the statements above that pronunciation gives a significant effect to the meaning of what someone says. However, almost all English teachers make little attempt to teach pronunciation in any overt way and only give attention to it in passing. In ideal condition, students in ED seem to have good pronunciation because they are taught by using English as their language. As cited in Buku Pedoman Akademik FBS 2005/2006, students in English Department are expected to be able to speak and write English correctly. But in fact, based on the observation and informal talks both with lectures and students done by the researcher, students still have bad pronunciation. For example, it is hard to find MC with good pronunciation in ED. Many students speak incorrectly when they are in their thesis examination and so on. Considering this situation, the researcher is interested in conducting this study to find out ED students pronunciation portrait and its implication to the teaching and learning of English. 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS Based on the background of the study above, the research questions are divided into two, they are: Major questions: 1.) What is the portrait of ED students pronunciation? 2.) What is the implication of students pronunciation portrait towards the teaching and learning of English? Minor questions: How do ED students learn pronunciation? Does the students mother tongue affect students pronunciation? What are general mistakes that students often make? What are the causes contribute to the mistakes of the students pronunciation? Is students pronunciation influenced by American English or British English? 1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purposes of the study based on the research questions above are divided into: 1. Major purposes: The major purposes are 1.) to describe the portrait of ED students pronunciation, 2.) to find out the implication of students pronunciation portrait towards the teaching and learning of English; 2. Minor purposes: The minor purposes are 1.) to investigate the way ED students learn pronunciation, 2.) to analyze whether the students mother tongue affect students pronunciation or not, 3.) to figure out the mistakes that students often make in producing sounds, 4.) to investigate the causes that contribute to the students pronunciation mistakes , and 5.) to analyze whether students pronunciation is influenced by American English or British. 1.4 BENEFIT OF THE STUDY The results of the study are hoped to give an input for the institution, to enrich the research in pronunciation field. And it can help ED students who are interested in conducting the related research. 1.5 PREVIOUSLY RELATED STUDY The previously related study was done by Ros Dwi Wahyuni whose thesis title was The Pronunciation of Second Grade Students of SMU 77 in 2005. She conducted her study using a case study as her approach, thus the results of her study can not be generalized for the entire population. The data were gathered by using interviews and pronunciation test from December 2004 until January 2005 and processed using rank order correlation formula. The results of her study showed that most participants were intelligible in recognizing the words in their speech and the participants also had positive attitude towards pronunciation and the teaching of pronunciation. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter consists of the definition of pronunciation, related issues on TEFL and pronunciation, background of teaching pronunciation, principles for pronunciation teaching, the areas of English pronunciation, pronunciation teaching, and factors affecting students pronunciation. 2.1 Definition of pronunciation Pronunciation is the most important thing that we have to master. Otherwise, people cannot receive the message we say. According to Penny Ur (2001), Jack C. Richard (2002), Pronunciation is the sound of the language, or phonology; stress and rhythm; and intonation and includes the role of individual sounds and segmental and supra segmental sounds. Moreover, Otlowski (2004:1) stated that Pronunciation is a way that is accepted or generally understood. From those statements above, we can conclude that pronunciation is the way of someone produces segmental and supra segmental sound that is accepted or generally understood. 2.2 Related Issues on TEFL and Pronunciation There are several problems that related to pronunciation and TEFL, such as; in ED there is no subject that focuses on pronunciation. Indeed, there are some simple and enjoyable exercises to practice pronunciation. According to Jenkins (2007) mentioned on her article, Global English and Teaching Pronunciation, that an implication global English for pronunciation teaching that is students should be given plenty of exposure in their pronunciation classrooms to other non-native accents of English so that they can understand then easily even if a speaker has not yet managed to acquire the core features. For EIL, this is more important than having classroom exposure to native speaker accents. It means that students should have non-native accents of English in order to help them understand what the speaker means even though he or she can not get the RP pronunciation. Moreover, Griffiths (2007), Integrating Pronunciation into Classroom Activities, found that addressing issues (pronunciation) regularly during the language feedback or group correction stage of lesson helps to focus learners attention on its importance and lead to more positive experiences. He also described that pronunciation work can be kept simple and employ exercises which are both accessible and enjoyable for students, whatever their level is. Whenever students do a freer speaking activity, the main aim is usually at developing their spoken fluency in the language. However, the activity also serves to work on students accuracy through the feedback we give them on their use of language. It means that lecturers should give the feedback on students pronunciation regularly so that students will have positive attitude towards the pronunciation. Based on those statements above, Okita (2007), Teaching Pronunciation, concluded the activities that can be passed in teaching pronunciation are: 1.) explaining Daniel Jones phonemic symbols, using a chart of English vowels and consonants; 2.) using minimal pair exercises; 3.)getting learners to memorize pronunciation patterns to predict on which vowel the primary stress is placed in a word, and; 4.)distinguishing the differences in the sounds of a vowel or consonant in a given word. 2.3 Background to the teaching of pronunciation There are three main orientations proposed by Nunan (2003, p.112-113) in pronunciation teaching: Listen carefully and repeat what I say (1940s-1950s). In this orientation, the activities are students are to repeat the words said by their teacher for several times. The problem that can be raised in this orientation is that students differ in how effectively they are able to really listen to and discern the sound system of anew language; Lets analyze these sounds closely to figure out how to pronounce them clearly (1960s-19701s). The teacher compares features of the sound system of English with features of their native languages. It is done in order to get students accustomed to International Phonetic Alphabet; lets start using these sounds in activities as soon as we can while I provide cues and feedback on how well youre doing (1980s and beyond). The teacher gives chances to the students to use the sounds which they are right in producing. 2.4 Principles for Teaching Pronunciation In the teaching of pronunciation, there are five principles, according to Nunan (2003, p. 115-117) , which are: stated five principles of pronunciation teaching, they are: Foster intelligibility during spontaneous speech. Teachers need to keep fostering the students intelligibility to get them concentrate to pronounce words while they are doing the spontaneous speech. Keep affective considerations firmly in mind. Teachers need to give affective support to their students in order not to make them have feared to develop new pronunciation habits. Avoid the teaching of individual sounds in isolation. Giving students chances to communicate meaningfully with their friends are more interesting, enjoyable, and memorable activities. If the teachers provide such activities, in the long run, have more impact on improving students speech intelligibility. Provide feedback on learner progress. Teachers should support students efforts, guide them, provide cues for their enhancement. Unless, students would unaware where they need to place their energies. Realize that ultimately it is the learner who is in control of changes in pronunciation. According to Morley (1994, p.89), teacher is only as a language coach who supplies information; gives models from time to time; sets high stands; provides a wide variety of practice opportunities; and encourages the learner. 2.5 The Areas of English Pronunciation The areas of English pronunciation are categorized into two, they are: segmental (e.g. English consonant and vowel sounds) and supra segmental (e.g. stress, linking, weak forms, intonation), Rajadurai (2001: 25). Parker adds (2000: 25) rhythm, reduction, and deletion are included as supra segmental features. The controversial issues about which areas of pronunciation are important to be taught came arise. According to Rajadurai (2001:13) teaching supra segmental is less valued than the teaching of segmental areas. However, Harmer (2002:183) disagrees with what Rajadurai stated. He claims that overt teaching of supra segmental areas particularly gives improved comprehension and intelligibly. Wahba (1998: 32-33) supported this statement, he claimed that that if learners are aware that there is a stress pattern in English words, and the pitch of the voice can convey the meaning, they will know what to pay attention to and can build basic awareness. In conclusion, both of segmental and supra segmental areas of teaching give significant effect in affecting students pronunciation. 2.6 Pronunciation Teaching Pronunciation teaching is important to ED students, but in fact there is no lesson which focuses on pronunciation. Indeed, pronunciation can increase the quality of students speaking as Harmer stated (2001:183) that pronunciation teaching not only makes students aware of different sound and sound features (and what these mean), but also improve their speaking immeasurably. In order to teach pronunciation, here are the three kinds of pronunciation practices which are most widely used by English teacher to help students improve their pronunciation: Minimal pair drills. This is a pair of utterance-usually short- which differs in meaning, but which are exactly alike in sound except in one point. The students are to pronounce pairs of words which differ in pronunciation only in one respect, such as bid/bId/; big/bIg, and sound/saund/; round/raund; (Deterding and Pudjosoedarmo 1998:77) A series of isolated sentences. These have concentration of the sound to be practiced, but they are not sentences frequently used in everyday conversation, Fangzhi (1998:38). For example: ai: Mike tried five times to get the prize Five times five is twenty-five Tongue twisters. Playing with words is particularly useful for the students who have unique pronunciation problems. Ball (2003:8) gives examples of tongue twisters: She sells seashells on the seashore; Red lorry yellow lorry; If a dog chews shoes, whose shoes does he choose? They think that it is Thursdays the thirtieth; Fangzhi (1998:38) concluded that the practices above are good for introducing English sound to beginners and also good for building a strong basic pronunciation. These pronunciation practices might be succeeded in helping students to improve pronunciation but not in sequence. Students who are trained in these ways tend to make more pronunciation errors when speaking spontaneously. Not only that, Celce Murcia, et.al. (1996:2) introduced two approaches that can be applied in helping students pronunciation improvement, they are: An intuitive-imitative approach. It talks about the students ability to listen to and imitate sounds of a target language. He or she also can make imitate the pronunciation of other people in television, radio, songs, and so forth; An analytic-linguistic approach. It recognizes the importance of intervention of pronunciation in language acquisition. Using this approach, teacher is to identify students problem in pronouncing the foreign language by providing pedagogical aids; Beside that, Nunan (2003) also gave us teaching strategies to teach pronunciation that consists of: Openness to change. Teacher ask learner to discuss problem areas that are faced. It is important to build learners self-confidence and attend their emotional needs as a non-native speaker; Contextualized minimal pairs. Teaching pronunciation by distinguishing between specifically targeted sounds, stress patterns, or intonation patterns through the use of minimal pairs; Gadgets and props. Learners are to analyze the words on their own, and to practice saying words by using their tools in coordination with their pronunciation stress syllables. Slow motion speaking (SMS). SMS allows learners to view close up, and to imitate, the teachers way of producing specific sounds in context; Tracking. Languages learner are not being asked to repeat after the recorded voice, but to try to say the words presented in the transcript concurrent with the voices they are listening to. Techniques from drama and theater arts. Popular plays and screenplays can be interesting sources of pronunciation work; Pronunciation teaching is not as easy as the stated statements above, it has obstacles too. Because of that, Otlowsky suggested: pronunciation should be integrated into other subjects orienting to communicative competence than linguistic skill especially in segmental and supra segmental phoneme ,Morley (1991, p.481-520); listening comprehension and pronunciation have close relationship ,Gilbert (1984, p.1) and Nooteboom (1983, p.183-194) stated that there is a strong impact of speech perception to speech production; the best technique should involve teachers and students as speech trainer or trainer, Morley (1991, p.507); intelligible pronunciation is seen as essential component of communicative competence, Morley (1991, p.513); 2.7 Factors Affecting Students Pronunciation Sometimes we, as the non-native speaker, made mistakes in pronouncing words. It is because the several things, such as the differences in pronunciation area so that we are not accustomed to produce the sounds. As stated by Ur (2001, p.52) that some causes affect pronunciation mistakes: 1.) substitute second language with first language sound because there is no in first language; 2.) create wrong perception on second language sounds because the sound is an allophone in first language; 3.)use a stress pattern and first language intonation when pronouncing second language in order to create a strange accent; CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter reveals the methodology used by the researcher, including research design consists of time, place, and the subjects of the study; data collection process; and data analysis. RESEARCH DESIGN Since the study focuses on describing the portrait of ED students pronunciation and analyzing the implication of students pronunciation towards the teaching and learning of English, the method will be used in this study is descriptive analytical interpretive. This research does not make any intervention and judgment. It only describes the portrait of ED students pronunciation and analyzes its implication towards the teaching and learning of English. This study also describes how ED students learn their pronunciation and whether their mother tongue affects their pronunciation or not. This study applies two methods of data collection that are by recording the test of English phoneme and doing the interview. The test of English phoneme consists of the list of words; those are vowels, diphthongs, trip thongs, consonants, consonant clusters, stress, and intonation. The interview is designed to get more specific information to answer the research questions. Both data collected by means of test of English phoneme and interview will be analyzed with descriptive analysis interpretive. Descriptive analytical interpretive The study used a descriptive analytical interpretive method. Yin cited in Tunisa (2008) and Ardi (2009) mentioned that descriptive cases require that the writer begins with a descriptive theory, or face the possibility that problems will occur during the project. Surakhmad (1990:140) stated two features of descriptive study: Memusatkan diri pada pemecahan masalah-masalah yang ada pada masa sekarang, pada masalah-masalah aktual Data yang dikumpulkan mula-mula disusun, dijelaskan dan kemudian dianalisa (karenaitu metode in sering pula disebut metode analitik. Surakhmad (1990:140) It can be concluded that to implement descriptive study, the study has to (1) focus on solving the past and actual issues then (2) the collected data is ordered, explained, and then analyzed (that is why this is often called an analytical method). Geoff Walsham said on his presentation that according to Orlikowski and Baroudi (1991) interpretive studies assume that people cerate and associate their own subjective and intersubjective meanings as they interact with the world around them. Interpretive researchers thus attempt to understand phenomena through accessing the meanings participants assign to them. This definition is based on the ground that: The interpretive research approach towards the relationship between theory and practice is that the researcher can never assume a value-neutral stance, and is always implicated in the phenomena being studied. There is no direct access to reality unmediated by language and preconception. Walsham (1993) himself states that interpretive methods of research start from the position that our knowledge of reality, including the domain of human action, is a social construction by human actors and that this applies equally to researchers. Thus there is no objective reality which can be discovered by researchers and replicated by others, in contrast to the assumptions of positive science. Population The population of the study was the whole of ED classes at State University of Jakarta. Sample The samples of this study were the students from 2005, 2006, and 2007 both from educational and non-educational students. Site and place The study was conducted at English Department of State University of Jakarta from December 2008 to April 2009. Instruments Two kinds of instruments are designed for data collection. They are test of English phoneme and interview list. 1.) Test of English Phoneme The test of English phoneme is consisted of the list of words that are categorized into vowels, diphthongs, trip thongs, consonants, consonant clusters, stress, and intonation. Then, students are asked to pronounce them using tape recorder. 2.) Interview list The interview for this study is designed as a structured interview. The questions in the interview list are designed based on the research questions in chapter I. 3.2 DATA COLLECTION PROCESS The data collection was conducted on December 2008 until April 2009. The data in this study consisted of information collected by using test of English phoneme, and interview list. The collected data using an English test phoneme was conducted on December 2008 until April 2009. Meanwhile, the data from interview was done by taking notes (face-to-face individually) and sending via e-mail. DATA ANALYSIS The researcher analyzed the data by the following steps. The first was checking data completeness; the data taken were the recorded ED students pronunciation. The recorded data contains vowels, diphthongs, trip thongs, consonants, consonant clusters, stress, and intonation. To classify the data, the writer analyzed the pronunciation into the transcript based on the participants entrance year. The second was grouping data by making them in the table presentation based on the data source. The third was comparing the data in each category; by comparing the data, the writer would find the dominant and the less dominant made by students in pronouncing the sound. The forth was putting groups of data in order from the more dominant data to the less ones. The last was the taken data was interpreted based on the findings.

Dress Code Essay Essay

In some high schools dress codes are being suggested. Parents and teachers believe that changing the dress code could possibly improve the learning environments in the school. In contrast, dress codes should not be changed because parents have the responsibility to supervise what their children wear, the students will lose their individuality but not their behavior in any way, and finally the school staff should be strict to begin with. Before parents start to ask for a change in other children’s wardrobe, they should first check what their child is wearing. This issue all begins at home and if the parent doesn’t see it then they shouldn’t be asking some other kid to change the way he/she dresses. As long as every parent enforced what their child wore, there would be no problem at school and the rules would be fine. Not every parent will do it, but for those who do care they should start to get rid of the inappropriate clothes that belong to their children. If the parents would be responsible enough to see and limit what their child wore, there would be no need for a change in the dress code in the first place. Enforcing a dress code would take away individuality but not change behavior. There are various â€Å"clicks† around a campus and that is what makes it diverse. Changing the dress code would discourage creativity and aesthetic values in students. People desperately try to stand out from the crowd and these rules restrict one’s fashionable rights. As a result, students just won’t change behavior and all of a sudden become thirsty for knowledge, the students will remain the same. There is no point in changing the dress code because it won’t work nor improve behavior in classrooms. The dress code would only limit individuality not personality. The dress code should be enforced not changed. Instead of telling students to buy similar outfits, which some cannot, the staff should be more stricter in dress code policies. For example, in my school teachers and staff are complaining about how girls dress. However, I have never seen them actually punish them or warn them to not do it again. If schools were to enforce the rules they come up with everyone would know not to rebel against them. The students would keep in mind that they might be punished for doing something that is against the rules. When staff begins to reinforce their rules a decrease in rule breaking will occur. Therefore, changing the strictness of the rules will bring about a better environment not a change in dress code. There is no need for a new dress code. Knowing that the parents and teachers could first change the ways they do things could help eliminate the thought of changing the dress code. Parents should limit what their children wear to respect the dress code already in effect. This will let the rest of the student body express themselves liberally and not have to give up their creativity and fashion sense. Staff should begin to enforce the rules to create the positive environment they want. Changing the dress code is the wrong alternative for an increase in academic potential.

Classified Info About Redo Essay Samples Only the Experts Know Exist

Classified Info About Redo Essay Samples Only the Experts Know Exist Rumors, Deception and Redo Essay Samples As soon as your writing is finished, make certain to have an editor review your essay for you. Just adhere to the guidelines stated above, and you'll be well on your way to writing a very good persuasive essay. Qualities of a great persuasive essay topic The topic needs to be specific. It will be simpler that you compose a great persuasive essay if it's a subject in which you have knowledge. While there's no one correct method to compose these essays, this page will show you some decent practices to think about when learning how to compose a persuasive essay. As you already see from the above mentioned persuasive essay samples, these forms of papers can be quite different. There are several free examples of suitable formatting. Just take a look at the next persuasive essay. Using Redo Essay Samples A superb writer must know more about the significance of superior hook. The success of the entire essay directly depends upon how good you present the supporting facts. The true life is the one which has our death in its head. Our fashion produces a special statement. Redo Essay Samples Help! Evidently, you ought not purposely select a topic that will bore your audience. To begin with, it's important to pick a topic that it is possible to take a stand for. Whichever topic you select, always don't forget the value of literature sources. Selecting an excellent topic for your essay is among the most crucial and frequently tricky parts for many students. Thus, it's not capable of supplying the essential resources. Before writing down the facts and examples which you're likely to tackle, you ought to be well informed, first of all, about your topic. Possessing excellent research abilities and selecting an excellent topic is essential. Start researching, and get started writing! What's Truly Happening with Redo Essay Samples Each body paragraph should concentrate on a single argument, called the principal point. Let's take a quick glance at them. The exact same thing applies, although the time frame might vary, to every `living' thing. The remainder of the paragraph should argue the major point. The Death of Redo Essay Samples For girls, having balanced mental wellness is important to getting a thriving academic career. You may get a great medical cover and pay for the ideal treatment but cannot guarantee decent health. Physical wellness is valuable, obviously. You may trust us to present expert assistance for many of your academic writing needs. A persuasive speech is provided with the goal of persuading the audience to feel a particular way, to take a specific action, or to support a particular view or cause. Be cautious when selecting the business you can trust. Other folks believe that it improves creativity and productivity at work. A Startling Fact about Redo Essay Samples Uncovered As soon as it's wise to demonstrate some diversity, overusing vocabulary is never encouraged. Topic sentences clearly state the function of the paragraph. While attempting to learn how to compose a persuasive essay step-by-step, students forget about another important activity. Examples might also be included in each one of the body paragraphs to more support and clarify your primary points. Essay writing is often practiced is schools. In nearly all high schools, your capability of writing this kind of essay is going to be evaluated in class. For this reason, you ought not be concerned about your private essay content being sold to a different student. There are many persuasive essay examples college students are able to make use of online. Students shouldn't have to wear uniforms. They should not have to wear school uniforms because they limit students' ability to express their individuality. They have to write essays depending on the teacher's instructions or their desired style in writing. In general, they are asked to write assignments that take between half an hour and a whole hour.

Homeless Vehicle Project With David Lurie - 982 Words

Since the wealthy class decided whether or not what was considered fine art, many contemporary artists began to rebel against these practices and began creating work that not only included lower class members of society but also addressed many of the issues they were facing in their societies such as homelessness. During the mid-1980s, many contemporary artists began taking their works out of the museums’ and galleries and started presenting them in the city streets, poverty stricken ghettos and urban communities. By doing this they were able to reach a broader audience outside of high-class society. Artists such as, Krzysztof Wodiczko, was one of the first artist to take his work out of the museums and into the streets. Wodiczko began making art work pertaining to many important social issues. His work titled â€Å"Homeless Vehicle Project with David Lurie† (Kalb Pg.106) tackles the issue of homelessness in New York. â€Å"Wodiczko vehicles were begun and developed in the conjunction with the homeless people who were to use to them.†. This concept was based on the design of an, â€Å"enlarged shopping car that provided the users with storage space, shelter and mobility.† (106) These vehicles were to serve a purpose much greater than art, it was to address the issue of homelessness in community. As stated previously the piece provided shelter due to the circumstances of them not having a place to live or not having a steady means of income, storage space to put their belongings in forShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pages24/7 FAQs, online chat, and phone support www.wileyplus.com/support Your WileyPLUS Account Manager Training and implementation support www.wileyplus.com/accountmanager MAKE IT YOURS! Fundamentals of Human Resource Management Tenth Edition David A. DeCenzo Coastal Carolina University Conway, SC Stephen P. Robbins San Diego State University San Diego, CA Tenth Edition Contributor Susan L. Verhulst Des Moines Area Community College Ankeny, IA John Wiley Sons, Inc. Associate

A Short Note On The And Chemical Spill - 894 Words

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Biological spill solution includes a 10% bleach solution. This is used to disinfect working areas. This solution should definitely be used when working with organisms that can cause disease. Individuals working with such organisms should protect and cover his or her skin. 2. A. A broken glass container should be used to discard any broken glass as well as coverslips. For example, a broken beaker should be discarded into a broken glass container to eliminate any possible injuryShow MoreRelatedNebosh Igc 31502 Words   |  7 Pagessheets is where you make a note of the hazards you have identified as well as the good practices (do not waste too much time on good practices as this is only worth one mark so as long as there is at least one good practice you can gain the mark for this). We are looking for you to identify 30 different hazards. The next column is the controls section here you must have both short and long term actions for every hazard you have noted in order to gain the marks. 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“Medea” Aristotelian Analysis Free Essays

Aristotelian Analysis – Music/Sound Spectacle (Medea) V. Music/SoundThe Use of Sound in Medea Eurypides uses sound to great effect in Medea. Perhaps most prevalent is the fact that all the women are played by men, most likely talking and singing in a high pitched falsetto, giving the play a high, screeching tone, which would certainly put the audience on edge. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Medea† Aristotelian Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now This would add to the tension, and provide an exaggerated contrast between the men, speaking in their natural voices, and the women in their falsetto. This also influences the musical nature of the play. As compared to other Greek tragedies where the chorus would have been intentionally all male, Medea would have a very different sound, a much more feminine sound, as would be fitting for one of the few Greek plays with a female protagonist. The language Eurypides uses helps the audience understand her and her actions, as well as be able to empathize with her. Words of destruction, such as â€Å"kill,† â€Å"broken,† â€Å"refugee,† â€Å"sick,† â€Å"hate,† â€Å"enraged,† and â€Å"starves† all set the stage in the first 20 lines of the play. The audience instantly knows that Medea has suffered horribly, and now has every right and reason to take revenge for the wrongs that have been done to her. These same words are used often throughout the play, especially â€Å"hate† and â€Å"betrayed† and give us great insight into the total fury and single mindedness of Medeas later actions. Jason’s words, on the other hand, help us realize just how disconnected he is. He is, as the Chorus says â€Å"ignorant beyond pity. †Ã‚   Jason thinks he is being â€Å"generous,† and he somehow thinks leaving his wife for a younger woman makes him her â€Å"advocate. Eurypides carefully emphasizes the scene where the children are slaughtered by having it be the only time we hear them speak. They are on stage for many scenes, but they never do anything but watch, silent and obedient while their family falls apart around them. When they finally speak, it is because it is their only hope of saving themselves; it is too late for their family. They cry out, with young innocent voices, pleading for help in what is perhaps the most tense moment of the play. This tension is further heightened by the fact that the audience cannot see what is happening, they can only hear it. They are forced to rely on sound alone, and that sound for those few lines becomes the only thing that matters. One almost wants to watch Medea kill her children just to know what is actually happening behind that door instead of being denied perhaps our most important sense: sight. The audience becomes blind to the action of the play, as Medea has embraced her blind rage. Social Implications: In the last lines of Medea, Euripides uses the verbal interaction between Jason and Medea to show a reversal in the stereotypical gender roles of the time. Although Medea is a goddess, she represents a strong, unyielding female role that has power over her male counterpart in their relationship. Moments before the final grand spectacle, a distraught, weakened Jason is powerless to the will of Medea. He raises his voice (indicative of his losing all authority and pathetically lashing out for some form control) and demands that he be allowed to have his children back. Yet Madea is unwavering and persistent. Unlike Jason, she â€Å"wastes† no words and provides a simple, rational-sounding message that reflects her supremacy. This kind of social commentary is interesting because women, who were rarely awarded the liberties of men at the time, were allowed to attend the plays at the Dionysus festival. It is possible that Euripides was sending a subtle message of hope and pride to all of the oppressed female members of his audience. Dialect: Euripides was celebrated for his simplistic use of language which reflects a more realistic dialogue in the character’s expressions. Although he did not win as many first place awards as Sophocles or Aeschylus at the Dionysus festivals, his work was popular to an audience which was able to recognize their own dialects and accents on stage. Unlike other tragedies of his time, Euripides’s work was not diluted by unrealistic, grandiose phraseology which often had a deleterious effect on the listener’s comprehension and ability to interprate the plays. Physical Realities of Sound in Ancient Greek Theater: Ancient Greek theaters were specially constructed to perfectly suit the art which they housed (although without roofs). The multi-thousand-seat theaters were built into hilsides to allow for minimal construction and also excellent accoustics. In today’s theater, sound is almost always electronically amplified to permit better hearing by the audience, but not having this as an option, these grecian temples had to be constructed perfectly. By encircling the orchestra   with a mathematically perfected design of wooden or stone benches, sloping upwards away from the performance, the ancient architects nearly mimiced the way that sound travels as it spreads. This near-perfect acoustical environment allowed the actors’ voices to travel all the way to the last row of seats. Also, the Skene buidling which stood behind the orchestra may have assisted in the amplification by reflecting voices and sound towards the thousands of audience members. This arrangement meant that the words which were spoken and sounds of music and dancing were clear such that their importance could be heard accurately. The theaters of Ancient Greece enormous, when, for example, the nearest seat was almost 10 meters away from the performer, large movements and loud voices were critical to conveying the full story. As such, it is widely accepted that the performers would wear very simple, plain masks which made their facial features more clear and obvious for the audience to see. Some theater historians assert that these masks also had a type of megaphone built in for amplification, although this point is disputed. In conjunction with their enlarged faces, the performers were often on stilts and wearing heavy robes of fabric to accurately convey their character. These amendments to their body meant that every move they made and every sound they created needed to be worth it. There was no â€Å"stage whispering† in this theater which limited but also inspired Euripides to write plays with more dynamic and complex plotlines, ones filled with action and confrontation to futher add to the experience. In addition, the chorus of some twelve men (playing women in Medea) would constantly dance around the orchestra (derived from the Greek term for dancing) during their scenes. The dancing was entertaining but also allowed the group to spread around the wealth so to speak of their odes, so that all might be privy to hearing their sound and seeing their dance. VI. Spectacle The Greatest Spectacle: After the extraordinary hardships which Medea faces throughout the play, we come across the ending when she â€Å"appears in a winged chariot, rising above the house. The bodies of the two children are visible in the chariot. Interestingly, over the past 1570 lines of the play, the stage directions are almost never this specific or elaborate. Showing that Euripides has literally saved the best for last, perhaps to shamelessly present a big ending, the rising chariot is the epitome of spectacle in this play. Although there would be no such chariot in the ancient theaters, it is likely that Med ea herself would be lifted from the stage level by the deus ex machina (literally, god machine) and the childen’s bodies would be thrust forth on a rolling wagon from the skene in the rear of the orchestra. By creating such a spectacle, Euripides also highlights the importance of this event: Medea has killed her own childen in order to free them from the terror of the world which has been created for them. Her actions display her insanity, and her relentless pursuit of revenge against Jason. Setting and Costumes: The unique Greek theaters which seated many thousands called for very simplistic yet very clear design choices. Instead of elaborate costumes, the performers would wear large bold costumes which allowed even the farthest spectator to be clear on who is who. Due to the widely acknowledged â€Å"three-actor rule† (whereby three actors played the roles of all the characters in a play) the costume and mask changes would need to immediately reflect differing characters. It is also widely accepted that the performers would wear a type of stilts to make them â€Å"larger than life† leading to two interpretations: the actors could be better seen and heard when higher, but also became almost godlike or unrealistically large- adding to the spectacle of this world. Entrances and Exits: In the rear of the orchestra section was the Skene, a large building which served as a universal setting for Greek Theater. The sometimes elaborate building would generally have a major door in the center (for palace settings) as well as machines which hoisted actors above the orchestra section. Some characters may have entered this way, but most, including the chorus, would enter on ramps adjacent to the orchestra area. These eisodoi or parodoi would be used for entrances by characters such as a messenger or soldier. How did the actors move: Simply, the actors moved in large, overstated motions. In order to make the play as clear as possible for the large audiences, subtlety was not an option for the ancient Greeks. But what this also meant   for the performance was that the plot had to be appropriately planned for this style of acting. Performers carried out sometimes-long speeches with highly clear emotional intent. This style is a crucial part of Medea. As the plot continues and Medea’s situation worsens, emotions become increasingly polar and disjointed, making clear the protagonist and antagonist’s intentions. How to cite â€Å"Medea† Aristotelian Analysis, Essay examples

Impact of Customer Relationship Management on the Hotel Business of Au

Question: Explain about the impact of customer relationship management on the hotel business of Australia. Answer: Here, in this paper, the researcher is aiming to explore the effectiveness of the customer relationship management in the growth and performance of the hotels sectors of Australia. For the hotel industry, it is important to retain the old customers and ensure a significant performance level. As discussed by Neslin (2014), the customers of the hotel industry encompasses a huge societal horizon. It can easily be identified that the expectation pattern of them are typically diverse. Sometimes it becomes difficult to identify them. The CRM helps the hotels to improve the core and the extended customer services. Without the tool of CRM, the management often finds it difficult to discern the lack in their services. Thus, they lose their customer loyalty and pay the consequence of decreased busyness and customer satisfaction. As opined by Khodakarami Chan (2014), if an establishment wants to improve the customer relationship management, it is important for the administrators of the hotels to guide the employees about the significance of clientele and customer satisfaction in the hotels. The appropriate understanding of the consumers choice by the staffs will be helpful in building a relationship with the consumers. The behavior, attitudes and the demand pattern of the customers has to be examined and tracked throughout the sales cycle of the hotels. The basic strategy of open communication and polite manners has to be encouraged among the workers. As mentioned by Zeithaml et al., (2012), it helps the customers and the workers to build an effective communication. Therefore, it can be proposed that with increased knowledge of the customer demand, the hotels will be able to provide an increased service level. Thus, those hotels, which are utilizing this strategy, are gaining a referral from the old customers and thus expanding their market operation. In the course of this research project, I have identified the importance of the customer relationship strategy in the operation and customer satisfaction of the hotels. As discussed by Khodakarami Chan (2014), it is one of the prerequisites of the hotels to maintain a proper CRM strategy to be valid in the market in a long run. In the context of the hotel industry of Australia, it is creating the same effect and importance on the customer retention and new customer integration. I have already scratched out the problems and the problem solution for the CRM issues. I also have reached in the stage of the project completion with the exploration of the effects of the customer relationship management on some of the hotels of Australia. I have faced problems in collecting data regarding the direct effect of the CRM in the performance and growth of the hotels on Australia. In the cases of the big establishments, the data can be obtained, but in the cases of the small and new enterprises, it is difficult to gather the quantitative data (Roulston, 2014). As discussed by Neslin (2014), as the idea of CRM is qualitative factor, understanding the direct influence was difficult too. Now, I still have to complete the segment of theoretical concepts. I have prepared almost all of the phases of the research work. However, the steps of developing the research process and the elaboration of the relevant background information have not been done yet. However, I hope I will be able to conclude my work within the next 10 days of this month. This project and the related literature consultation have made me educated about the process and importance of the customer relationship management in the growth and performance of the companies. This project has also provided me the idea and knowledge of the research work. Now, I have the idea of the methods of collecting data and their interpretation. In addition to this, during the course of this research, I have experienced how the eminent companies treat their consumers. They are always present for their customers. Here, the customers are being provided with what exactly they are wanting. A research project is difficult for an individual to conduct. If I can get help from my classmates regarding the completion of the project, it will help me conclude it faster and in a better manner. During the course of this research work, I am facing issues with collecting data and interpreting those (Prohorovs Fainglozs, 2014). If I get help from my classmates in the process of data collection, it will be helpful for me for the successful completion of this project. As discussed by Friedman et al., (2015), in the process of a research, literature review is a huge part to be completed. As there are a number of literatures and online academic sources regarding the topic of customer relationship management and its effect in the hospitality sectors, it will be helpful for me if I get some assistance in gathering the related data and ideas from this step of conducting a research. References: Friedman, L. M., Furberg, C. D., DeMets, D. L., Reboussin, D. M., Granger, C. B. (2015). Data collection and quality control. InFundamentals of clinical trials(pp. 233-253). Springer International Publishing. Khodakarami, F., Chan, Y. E. (2014). Exploring the role of customer relationship management (CRM) systems in customer knowledge creation.Information Management,51(1), 27-42. Neslin, S. A. (2014). Customer Relationship Management (CRM). InThe History of Marketing Science(pp. 289-317). Prohorovs, A., Fainglozs, L. (2014). Problems of data collection, processing and use of informal venture capital.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,150, 88-96. Roulston, K. (2014). Interactional problems in research interviews.Qualitative Research,14(3), 277-293. Zeithaml, V. A., Berry, L. L., Parasuraman, A. (2012). Customer Relationship Management: Concepts and Cases.CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT: CONCEPTS AND CASES, 130.